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Overview

Published with the inputs from Dr Sylesh AikotSurgical Gastroenterologist, Baby Memorial Hospitals- Kozhikode

Bariatric surgery, also called weight-loss surgery, includes different surgical procedures that help people with obesity lose weight and improve their health. It works by reducing the size of the stomach, changing how food is absorbed, or both. Bariatric surgery is often recommended when lifestyle changes, diet, and exercise alone are not enough to achieve long-term weight loss, especially in patients with obesity-related health conditions like diabetes, hypertension, or sleep apnea.

What is bariatric surgery, and why is it done?

Bariatric surgery refers to surgical procedures that help patients lose weight by limiting how much they can eat or by reducing calorie absorption. It is usually performed for people with severe obesity and related health conditions when other methods have failed.

Who is eligible for bariatric surgery?

Eligibility is based on Body Mass Index (BMI) and overall health. Most guidelines recommend surgery for patients with a BMI over 40, or a BMI over 35 with obesity-related conditions such as type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, or severe sleep apnea. A thorough evaluation by a bariatric team is required.

What are the types of bariatric surgery?

Common procedures include:

  • Gastric bypass surgery (Roux-en-Y): Creates a small stomach pouch and reroutes the intestines.
  • Sleeve gastrectomy: Removes a portion of the stomach, leaving a smaller, tube-shaped stomach.
  • Mini Gastric bypass: Places a pouch around the stomach to reduce food intake (less commonly performed today).
  • Biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch (BPD/DS): A complex procedure combining stomach reduction and rerouting of the intestines for greater malabsorption.
What are the benefits of bariatric surgery?

Bariatric surgery leads to significant weight loss, improvement in obesity-related health conditions, increased mobility, and improved quality of life. Many patients see remission of type 2 diabetes, lower blood pressure, improved heart health, and reduced risk of certain cancers.

What are the risks or complications of bariatric surgery?

Risks may include bleeding, infection, leaks in the digestive system, or nutritional deficiencies over time. Long-term follow-up, dietary changes, and vitamin supplementation are essential for preventing complications and maintaining good health.

What is the recovery process after bariatric surgery?

Most patients stay in the hospital for 3-5 days. Recovery involves gradually transitioning from liquid to soft to solid foods under medical guidance. Regular exercise and lifelong dietary adjustments are required. Full recovery usually takes a few weeks. 

How successful is bariatric surgery long-term?

Studies show that most patients maintain significant weight loss for 10 years or more. Success depends on adherence to diet, exercise, and follow-up care. Bariatric surgery is not a quick fix, but a tool that works best when combined with healthy lifestyle habits.

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