Epilepsy Management

Published with the inputs from Dr Ummer K, Neurologist, Baby Memorial Hospitals- Kozhikode

Epilepsy is a neurological condition where abnormal electrical activity in the brain causes recurrent seizures. Seizures may present as brief lapses in awareness, muscle jerks, or convulsions. While epilepsy cannot always be cured, it can be effectively managed with medications, surgery, lifestyle changes, and supportive therapies, allowing most people to live full, active lives.

What is epilepsy, and how does it affect the brain?

Epilepsy is a chronic condition in which nerve cells in the brain send abnormal signals, leading to seizures. These seizures can vary in type and severity — from staring spells to uncontrolled body movements.

How is epilepsy diagnosed?

Diagnosis involves a detailed medical history, neurological examination, and tests such as an EEG (electroencephalogram) to detect abnormal brain activity, as well as MRI or CT scans to check for structural causes.

How is epilepsy treated?

Treatment depends on the type and frequency of seizures and may include:

• Anti-seizure medications (ASMs): The most common treatment, effective for many patients.
• Epilepsy surgery: For patients whose seizures do not respond to medicines.
• Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS) or Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS): Devices that help control seizures.
• Ketogenic diet: A specialized diet that may help reduce seizures, especially in children.

Can epilepsy be cured?

For some patients, especially children, seizures may stop over time. In others, epilepsy is lifelong but can usually be controlled with treatment. Advances in surgery and technology are offering more options for long-term seizure control.

What lifestyle changes help manage epilepsy?

Patients are advised to:

• Take medications regularly as prescribed
• Get adequate sleep and manage stress
• Avoid seizure triggers (such as flashing lights, alcohol, or missed meals)
• Maintain a healthy lifestyle with regular exercise and a balanced diet
• Avoid driving or operating heavy machinery until seizures are well controlled

What should caregivers do during a seizure?

• Stay calm and keep the person safe from injury
• Do not restrain movements or put anything in the mouth
• Place the person on their side to keep the airway clear
• Call emergency services if the seizure lasts more than 5 minutes or if it’s the first episode

What is the outlook for people with epilepsy?

With proper treatment, about 70% of people with epilepsy achieve good seizure control. Regular follow-up with a neurologist is essential for monitoring medication, side effects, and overall brain health.

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If you or a loved one is experiencing seizures, our Neurology & Epilepsy Care Team provides comprehensive diagnosis, treatment, and long-term management to control epilepsy and improve quality of life.

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