Disorders affecting bone and mineral metabolism can weaken bones and disturb calcium balance. Conditions include osteoporosis, rickets, osteomalacia, and calcium-related disorders.
Osteoporosis increases fracture risk, especially in older adults and postmenopausal women. Vitamin D deficiency can lead to rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults, causing bone pain and muscle weakness. Abnormal parathyroid function may lead to kidney stones or neuromuscular symptoms.
Diagnosis includes blood tests, vitamin D levels, and DEXA scans. Treatment involves supplementation, medications, and lifestyle changes such as weight-bearing exercise. Early detection helps prevent fractures and maintain long-term mobility.